Burt Lancaster

Burt Lancaster

in the trailer for the film Vengeance Valley (1951)
Born Burton Stephen Lancaster
November 2, 1913(1913-11-02)
New York City, U.S.
Died October 20, 1994(1994-10-20) (aged 80)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Cause of death Heart attack
Education DeWitt Clinton High School
Alma mater New York University
Occupation Actor, director, producer
Years active 1945–91
Spouse June Ernst (1935–46; divorced)
Norma Anderson (1946–69; divorced) 5 children
Susan Martin (1990–94; his death)

Burton Stephen "Burt" Lancaster (November 2, 1913 – October 20, 1994) was an American film actor noted for his athletic physique and distinctive smile (which he called "The Grin"). After initially building his career on "tough guy" roles Lancaster abandoned his "all-American" image in the late 1950s in favor of more complex and challenging roles, and came to be regarded as one of the best actors of his generation as a result.

Lancaster was nominated four times for Academy Awards and won once — for his work in Elmer Gantry in 1960. He also won a Golden Globe for that performance and BAFTA Awards for The Birdman of Alcatraz (1962) and Atlantic City (1980). His production company, Hecht-Hill-Lancaster, was the most successful and innovative star-driven independent production company in Hollywood of the 1950s, making movies such as Marty (1955), Trapeze (1956), and Sweet Smell of Success (1957).

In 1999, the American Film Institute named Lancaster 19th among the greatest male stars of all time.[1]

Contents

Early life

Lancaster was born in Manhattan, New York City, at his parents' home at 209 East 106th Street, between Second and Third Avenues, today the site of Benjamin Franklin Plaza. Lancaster was the son of Elizabeth (née Roberts) and James Henry Lancaster, who was a postman.[2] Both of his parents were Protestants of working-class Irish origin. Lancaster's grandparents were immigrants to the U.S. from Belfast and descendants of English immigrants to Ireland.[2]Lancaster's family believed themselves to be related to Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts. Lancaster grew up in East Harlem and spent much of his time on the streets, where he developed great interest and skill in gymnastics while attending the DeWitt Clinton High School, where he was a basketball star. Before he graduated from DeWitt Clinton, his mother died of a cerebral hemorrhage. Lancaster was accepted into New York University with an athletics scholarship but subsequently dropped out.[3]

Circus career and military

At the age of nine, Lancaster met Nick Cravat, with whom he continued to work throughout his life. Together they learned to act in local theater productions and circus arts at Union Settlement, one of the city's oldest settlement houses.[4]They formed the acrobat duo "Lang and Cravat" and soon joined the Kay Brothers circus. However, in 1939 an injury forced Lancaster to give up the profession, with great regret. He then found temporary work until 1942 — first as a salesman for Marshall Fields, and then as a singing waiter in various restaurants.[5]

The United States having then entered World War II, Lancaster joined the United States Army and performed with the Army's Twenty-First Special Services Division, one of the military groups organized to follow the troops on the ground and provide USO entertainment to keep up morale. He served with General Mark Clark's Fifth Army in Italy from 1943–1945.[6]

Film career

Acting

Though initially unenthusiastic about acting, he returned from service, auditioned for a Broadway play, and was offered a role. Although Harry Brown's A Sound of Hunting was not successful, Lancaster's performance drew the attention of a Hollywood agent, Harold Hecht, who introduced him to Hal Wallis, who cast Lancaster in The Killers (1946). (Hecht and Lancaster later formed several production companies in the 1950s to give Lancaster greater creative control.) The tall, muscular actor won significant acclaim and appeared in two more films the following year. Subsequently, he played in a variety of films, especially in dramas, thrillers, and military and adventure films. In two, The Flame and the Arrow and The Crimson Pirate, a friend from his circus years, Nick Cravat, played a key supporting role, and both actors impressed audiences with their acrobatic prowess.

In 1953, Lancaster played one of his best remembered roles with Deborah Kerr in From Here to Eternity. The American Film Institute acknowledged the iconic status of the scene from that film in which he and Deborah Kerr make love on a Hawaiian beach amid the crashing waves. The organization named it one of "AFI's top 100 Most Romantic Films" of all time.

Lancaster won the 1960 Academy Award for Best Actor, a Golden Globe Award, and the New York Film Critics Award for his performance in Elmer Gantry.

In 1968, at the age of 54, Lancaster appeared nude in director Frank Perry's film, The Swimmer.

During the latter part of his career, Lancaster left adventure and acrobatic movies behind and portrayed more distinguished characters. This period brought him work on several European productions, with directors such as Luchino Visconti and Bernardo Bertolucci. Lancaster sought demanding roles, and if he liked a part or a director, he was prepared to work for much lower pay than he might have earned elsewhere. He even helped to finance movies whose artistic value he believed in. He also mentored directors such as Sydney Pollack and John Frankenheimer and appeared in several television films.

For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Lancaster has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard.

Directing and producing

Lancaster was an early and successful actor/producer. In 1952, Lancaster co-produced Crimson Pirate, TheThe Crimson Pirate with producer Harold Hecht (who had previously produced three Lancaster films under his own production company Norma Productions; Kiss the Blood Off My Hands (1948), The Flame and the Arrow (1950), and Ten Tall Men (1951)). In 1954, they collaborated again on His Majesty O'Keefe, with Lancaster acting and Hecht producing. The writer for this film was James Hill. The trio started a production company, originally with Hill as a silent partner, under the name "Hecht-Lancaster". The name was later extended to include all three with "Hecht-Hill-Lancaster". Together they produced the films Apache (1954), Vera Cruz (1954), Marty (1955) (which won both the Academy Award for Best Picture and the Palme d'Or award at the Cannes Film Festival), The Kentuckian (1955), Trapeze (1956), The Bachelor Party (1956), Sweet Smell of Success (1957), Run Silent, Run Deep (1958), Separate Tables (1958), Devil's Disciple, TheThe Devil's Disciple (1959), Take a Giant Step (1959), Summer of the Seventeenth Doll (1960), and Unforgiven, TheThe Unforgiven (1960). The company dissolved in 1960, but Hecht would produce two more films in which Lancaster acted, under Norma Productions, Young Savages, TheThe Young Savages (1961) and Birdman of Alcatraz (1962). Twelve years later, Hecht and Lancaster produced Ulzana's Raid (1972) together.

In the late 1960s, Lancaster teamed with Roland Kibbee to form "Norlan Productions" and produce Scalphunters, TheThe Scalphunters (1968), Valdez Is Coming (1971), and The Midnight Man (1974).

In addition, Lancaster directed two films, The Kentuckian (1955) and The Midnight Man (1974).[7] The Midnight Man was in fact starred in, co-written, produced, and directed by Lancaster.

Frequent collaborations

Apart from acting in a total of seventeen films produced by Harold Hecht, Lancaster also appeared in eight films produced by Hal B. Wallis.

Lancaster made six films over the years with Kirk Douglas, including I Walk Alone (1948), Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), The Devil's Disciple (1959), The List of Adrian Messenger (1963), Seven Days in May (1964), and Tough Guys (1986) which fixed the notion of the pair as something of a team in the public imagination. The connection was firmly cemented by the time Lancaster and Douglas reteamed for their final movie, Tough Guys. Although Douglas was always second billed under Lancaster in these films, their roles were usually more or less the same size with the exceptions of I Walk Alone, in which Douglas played a villain, and in Seven Days in May, where Douglas' part was larger than Lancaster's.

Lancaster also often asked his close friend Nick Cravat to appear in his films. They co-starred together in nine films: The Flame and the Arrow (1952), Ten Tall Men (1951), Crimson Pirate, TheThe Crimson Pirate (1952), Run Silent, Run Deep (1958), Scalphunters, TheThe Scalphunters (1968), Airport (1970), Valdez Is Coming (1971), Ulzana's Raid (1972), The Midnight Man (1974), and Island of Dr. Moreau , TheThe Island of Dr. Moreau (1977).

Lancaster starred in three films with Deborah Kerr; From Here to Eternity, Separate Tables, and The Gypsy Moths.

In addition, John Frankenheimer directed five films with Lancaster: The Young Savages (1961), Birdman of Alcatraz (1962), Seven Days in May (1964), The Train (1964), and The Gypsy Moths (1969).

Lancaster used make-up veteran Robert Schiffer in 20 credited films. Lancaster hired Schiffer on nearly all the films he produced.

Personal life

Marriages and relationships

Lancaster vigorously guarded his private life. He was married three times. His first two marriages ended in divorce — to June Ernst from 1935 to 1946, and to Norma Anderson from 1946 to 1969. His third marriage, to Susan Martin, was from September 1990 until his death in 1994. All five of his children were with Norma Anderson: Bill, who became a screenwriter; James; Susan; Joanna; and Sighle (pronounced Sheila). He claims he was romantically involved with Deborah Kerr during the filming of From Here to Eternity in 1953.[8] However, Ms. Kerr had stated that while there was a spark of attraction, nothing ever happened. He also had an affair with Joan Blondell. In her 1980 autobiography, actress Shelley Winters claimed to have had a long affair with him.

Political views

Lancaster was a vocal supporter of liberal political causes, and frequently spoke out in support of racial minorities. He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War and political movements such as McCarthyism, and he helped pay for the successful defense of a soldier accused of "fragging" (murdering) another soldier during the war.[9] In 1968, Lancaster actively supported the presidential candidacy of antiwar Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota, and frequently spoke on his behalf during the Democratic primaries. In 1985, Lancaster, a longtime supporter of gay rights, joined the fight against AIDS after his close friend, Rock Hudson, contracted the disease. He campaigned for Michael Dukakis in the 1988 presidential election.

Health problems and death

As Lancaster grew older, he became increasingly plagued by atherosclerosis, barely surviving a routine gall bladder operation in January 1980. Following two minor heart attacks he had to undergo an emergency quadruple heart bypass in 1983, after which he was extremely weak, but he still managed to attend a 1988 Congressional hearing with old colleagues such as Jimmy Stewart and Ginger Rogers to protest media magnate Ted Turner's plan to colorize various black-and-white films from the 1930s and '40s. A severe stroke in November 1990 left him partly paralyzed and largely unable to speak. He died in his Century City apartment in Los Angeles from a third heart attack on October 20, 1994 at the age of 80. He was cremated and his ashes were buried under a large oak tree in Westwood Memorial Park located in Westwood Village, Los Angeles County, California. A small square ground plaque inscribed only with "BURT LANCASTER 1913-1994" marks his final resting place - GPS (lat/lon): 34.05856, -118.44061. Upon his death, as he requested, he had no memorial or funeral service.[10]

Filmography and awards

Films

Year Film Role Notes
1946 The Killers 'Swede' Andersen
1947 Brute Force Joe Collins
1947 Desert Fury Tom Hanson
1948 I Walk Alone Frankie Madison
1948 All My Sons Chris Keller
1948 Sorry, Wrong Number Henry Stevenson
1948 Kiss the Blood Off My Hands William Earle 'Bill' Saunders
1949 Criss Cross Steve Thompson, narrator
1949 Rope of Sand Michael (Mike) Davis
1950 The Flame and the Arrow Dardo Bartoli
1950 Mister 880 Steve Buchanan
1951 Vengeance Valley Owen Daybright
1951 Jim Thorpe – All-American Jim Thorpe
1951 Ten Tall Men Sgt Mike Kincaid
1952 Crimson Pirate, TheThe Crimson Pirate Capitan Vallo
1952 Come Back, Little Sheba Doc Delaney
1953 South Sea Woman Master Gunnery Sgt. James O'Hearn
1953 From Here to Eternity 1st Sgt. Milton Warden New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor
Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actor
1953 Three Sailors and a Girl Marine (uncredited)
1954 His Majesty O'Keefe Captain David Dion O'Keefe, narrator
1954 Apache Massai
1954 Vera Cruz Joe Erin
1955 Kentuckian, TheThe Kentuckian Elias Wakefield (Big Eli) Director
Nominated—Golden Lion
1955 Rose Tattoo, TheThe Rose Tattoo Alvaro Mangiacavallo
1956 Trapeze Mike Ribble Silver Bear for Best Actor at Berlin[11]
1956 Rainmaker, TheThe Rainmaker Bill Starbuck, aka Bill Smith, Bill Harley, Tornado Johnson Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
1957 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Marshal Wyatt Earp
1957 Sweet Smell of Success J.J. Hunsecker
1958 Run Silent, Run Deep Lt. Commander Jim Bledsoe
1958 Separate Tables John Malcolm
1959 Devil's Disciple, TheThe Devil's Disciple The Rev. Anthony Anderson
1960 Unforgiven, TheThe Unforgiven Ben Zachary
1960 Elmer Gantry Elmer Gantry Academy Award for Best Actor
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama
New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor
Nominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
1961 Young Savages, TheThe Young Savages ADA Hank Bell
1961 Judgment at Nuremberg Dr. Ernst Janning
1962 Birdman of Alcatraz Robert Stroud BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
Volpi Cup
Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actor
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
1963 Child Is Waiting, AA Child Is Waiting Dr. Ben Clark
1963 Leopard, TheThe Leopard Prince Don Fabrizio Salina
1963 List of Adrian Messenger, TheThe List of Adrian Messenger Cameo
1964 Seven Days in May Gen. James Mattoon Scott
1964 Train, TheThe Train Paul Labiche
1965 Hallelujah Trail, TheThe Hallelujah Trail Col. Thaddeus Gearhart
1966 Professionals, TheThe Professionals Bill Dolworth
1967 All About People Narrator
1968 Scalphunters, TheThe Scalphunters Joe Bass
1968 Swimmer, TheThe Swimmer Ned Merrill
1969 Castle Keep Maj. Abraham Falconer
1969 Gypsy Moths, TheThe Gypsy Moths Mike Rettig
1970 Airport Mel Bakersfeld
1971 Lawman Bannock Town Marshal Jered Maddox
1971 Valdez Is Coming Marshal Bob Valdez
1972 Ulzana's Raid U.S. Cavalry Scout McIntosh
1973 Scorpio Cross
1973 Executive Action James Farrington
1974 Midnight Man, TheThe Midnight Man Jim Slade Director
1974 Gruppo di famiglia in un interno (Conversation Piece) The Professor David di Donatello for Best Actor
1976 Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson Ned Buntline
1976 1900 (Novecento) Alfredo's Grandfather
1976 Cassandra Crossing, TheThe Cassandra Crossing Col. Stephen Mackenzie
1977 Twilight's Last Gleaming Gen. Lawrence Dell
1977 Island of Dr. Moreau , TheThe Island of Dr. Moreau Dr. Paul Moreau Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Actor
1978 Go Tell the Spartans Maj. Asa Barker
1979 Zulu Dawn Col. Anthony Durnford
1980 Atlantic City Lou Pascal BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor
David di Donatello for Best Actor
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor
New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor
Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actor
Nominated—Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
1981 Cattle Annie and Little Britches Bill Doolin
1981 La pelle Gen. Mark Clark
1983 Local Hero Felix Happer Nominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
1983 Osterman Weekend, TheThe Osterman Weekend CIA Director Maxwell Danforth
1985 Little Treasure Delbert Teschemacher
1986 Tough Guys Harry Doyle
1987 Il Giorno prima Dr. Herbert Monroe
1988 Rocket Gibraltar Levi Rockwell
1989 Field of Dreams Dr. Archibald 'Moonlight' Graham
1989 La Bottega dell'orefice The Jeweller

TV

Year Film Role Notes
1974 Moses the Lawgiver Moses mini-series
1976 Victory at Entebbe Shimon Peres
1978 Unknown War, TheThe Unknown War As himself, narrator 20 episode USA-USSR archival documentary series on WWII
1982 Marco Polo TeobaldoVisconti / Pope Gregory X mini-series
1982 Verdi Narrator in American version mini-series
1985 Scandal Sheet Harold Fallen
1986 Väter und Söhne - Eine deutsche Tragödie Geheimrat Carl Julius Deutz mini-series
1986 On Wings of Eagles Lieutenant Colonel Arthur D. "Bull" Simons mini-series
1989 I Promessi sposi Cardinal Federigo Borromeo mini-series
1990 Phantom of the Opera , TheThe Phantom of the Opera Gerard Carriere mini-series
1990 Voyage of Terror: The Achille Lauro Affair Leon Klinghoffer
1991 Separate But Equal John W. Davis

References

Notes
  1. ^ "America's Greatest Legends." American Film Institute. Retrieved: July 29, 2009.
  2. ^ a b Buford 2008, p. 12.
  3. ^ Buford 2008, p. 28.
  4. ^ Andreychuk 2005, p. 3.
  5. ^ Andreychuk 2005, p. 6.
  6. ^ Andreychuk 2005, p. 7.
  7. ^ Buford 2008, pp. 138, 354.
  8. ^ Buford 2008, pp. 127–130.
  9. ^ Buford 2008, p. 266.
  10. ^ "Short bio-article w/burial location and pictures." Find a Grave. Retrieved: November 18, 2011.
  11. ^ "6th Berlin International Film Festival: Prize Winners". berlinale.de. http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1956/03_preistr_ger_1956/03_Preistraeger_1956.html. Retrieved 2009-12-27. 
Bibliography
  • Andreychuk, Ed. Burt Lancaster: A Filmography And Biography. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2005. ISBN 978-0786423392.
  • Buford, Kate. Burt Lancaster: An American Life. London: Aurum Press, 2008. ISBN 1845133854

External links